ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ И СПЕЦИФИКА КОЧЕВОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОСТИ ДРЕВНИХ ТЮРОК
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Тюркский эль, вождество, политическая антропология, кочевая государство, государственность, Тюркский каганатАннотация
В современной исторической науке все большую актуальность приобретают исследования, базирующиеся на методах и концепциях политической антропологии зародившейся на Западе в связи с изучением примитивных культур индейцев Северной Америки, Африки, Океании и Австралии. Вместе с тем, кочевые народы Центральной Азии выпали из поля зрения западных антропологов, за редким исключением нескольких исследователей, таких как Т. Барфильд и А.М. Хазанов. Однако потенциал рассмотрения этой проблематики представляет не только эвристический, но и конкретно исторический интерес. В процессе исследования мы выяснили, что тюрки-тугю основали свое собственное самостоятельное государство. Каганат по уровню своего развития вполне можно отождествить с ранним государством Х. Классена. Традиции государственности в кочевом обществе бережно хранились и передавались из поколения в поколение в форме устных исторических преданий и памятниках письменности. Государственность у кочевников, по-видимому, представлялась в виде стадиальных образов или легендарными личностями. Например, Алаша-хан. У тюрок это могли быть Бумын и Истеми каганы, как легендарные первопредки, основатели государства. Внешние признаки Тюркского каганата соответствуют раннему государству, по своей природе это государственное образование было кочевой империей, а внутри тюркютского общества - вождеством. Таким, на наш взгляд, представляется характер древнетюркского государства согласно концепциям политической антропологии.
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